The start of this week will have seen most schools have at least one-day of INSET/CPD – call it what you will – to start off the new academic year.
No doubt many colleagues will have played ‘bullsh.t bingo’ – ticking off the number of times terms such as -research, evidence, evidence-informed practice, best-practice, the evidence says – are used by members of the senior leadership team.
On the other hand, a full understanding of these terms can be really useful in helping you not on only spot the ‘bullsh.t, ’ but also get past the ‘bullsh.t’ and, in doing so make things better for your pupils and school.
So this post is going to get grips with the term ‘evidence-based practice’ and some of the concepts and ideas which are bundled up and implied in its use.
And to help me do this, I’m going to use the work of Kvernbekk (2016) who explores in some depth the role of evidence in evidence-based practice in her book - Evidence-Based Practice in Education: Functions of Evidence and Causal Presuppositions
Evidence-Based Practice – A summary of Kvernbekk
Education is a complex enterprise whose very raison d’etre at least partly is to create produce some form of desirable change.
Practitioners have to consider how to create the desired changes, so at least some of the knowledge they need is knowledge of ‘what works’ in bringing about the desired changes .
Put simply this involves causal relationships - a variable X is a cause of Y if it listens and determines its values in response to what it hears
However, – causation needs to be seen as:
Probabilistic If we do X we increase the chances of getting of Y
Manipulationist - X can be changed or manipulated to bring about Y
Human agency -An event is a cause of distinct event Y just in case bringing about the occurrence of X would be an effective means by which a free agent could being bring about the occurrence of Y
Nevertheless, one cause is seldom sufficient to produce the desired effect and there is a support team of other factors if a cause is to do its work, all of which concerns local facts, for example about the school, stakeholders, pupils and staff
So making a judgment about whether an intervention could work here in your setting requires different sources of evidence – research evidence, practitioner expertise, school data and stakeholders’ views – which all contribute to the development of local and non-local knowledge
Though in making this judgment , it is essential to be aware that any intervention is inserted into pre-existing conditions – be it the classroom or school - which lead to an already existing level of ‘output’ of whatever it is that you are trying to change
However, if this intervention is going to bring about the desired change then it also requires the system in which the intervention is implemented to be sufficiently stable for predictable reproducibility to be possible
If on the other hand, if we have an unstable system we cannot predict the results of the intervention and planning becomes difficult if not impossible
By stability – we mean something persists over time and can be relied upon - can be created in various ways – but if made too tight, too structured, it becomes inflexible and the whole system may collapse.
As such, flexibility and room for manoeuvring are necessary to keep the systems stable around its basic values and principles
Without that, the system risks losing its identity as education and instead perhaps become a training or testing regimes
Because education is an open and complex system, randomness is inevitable and may overturn even the best laid scheme.
Overall judgment cores of EBP makes good sense – it’s not a magic bullet and will not solve every problem
That said – EBP is more complicated than both advocates and critics have thought.
What does this mean for you as an school research lead?
It would seem to me that Kvernbekk’s analysis of the nature of evidence-based practice may have a number of implications for you in your role as a school research lead.
First, if you are ever asked what’s the point of evidence-based practice in schools – the answer is quite straight forward – it’s about making things better by using evidence of what’s worked.
Second, given the causal nature of evidence-based practice, it makes a lot of sense spending time understanding and exploring the potential of logic models and the relationship between input, outputs and outcomes.
Third, and that is an issue which I’ll discuss in future posts, evidence-based practice is about fidelity to the principles of an intervention, rather than faithfully copying what seems to have worked in another setting.In other words, if you try and faithfully replicate what someone else has done in making an intervention work, you are likely to fail in implementing the intervention. The support factors in your school will be different – so how you implement the intervention will also need to be different.
Fourth, it’s really important to understand the role of local knowledge in trying to work out whether the support factors that are needed for an intervention to work, are actually available in your setting.Research evidence is just one source of the knowledge required to do this – you need to understand your setting.
Fifth, and this is a point which I think Kvernbekk misses – a fundamental aspect of evidence-based practice involves the systematic determination of the merit, worth (or value) of the outcome of intervention. Evaluation involves than determining whether something worked, it involves also asking – was it worth it and this requires an awareness of what is valued
Sixth, and this links to the previous point, evidence-based practice is inextricably linked to the purposes of education.If evidence-based practice involves bringing about desirable change or in others making improvements, this requires us to understand why things need to be changed and how will we know whether things have got better.
And finally,
If you are at researchED London this Saturday, don’t hesitate to come up to me and say hello
References
Kvernbekk, T. (2016).
Evidence-Based Practice in Education: Functions of Evidence and Causal Presuppositions
. London. Routledge.
My new book is due in September 2018 Evidence-Based School Leadership and Management: A practical guide
https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/evidence-based-school-leadership-and-management/book257046